China Coast Guard
| China Coast Guard 中国人民武装警察部队海警总队 | |
|---|---|
 Emblem of China Coast Guard | |
 Racing stripe | |
| Common name | Haijing (海警) China Coast Guard Bureau (中国海警局) |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | July 2013 |
| Employees | 16,296 personnel (2018) |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Operations jurisdiction | China |
| Constituting instrument |
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| General nature | |
| Specialist jurisdiction |
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| Operational structure | |
| Headquarters | 1 Fuxingmen Outer Street, Beijing, China |
| Agency executives |
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| Parent agency | People's Armed Police |
| Facilities | |
| Boats | 164 cutters Multiple patrol boats (2018) |
| Aircraft | Harbin Z-9 Harbin Y-12 |
| Website | |
| www | |
| China Coast Guard | |||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 中国海警局 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中國海警局 | ||||||
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| Haijing ("Coast Guard") | |||||||
| Chinese | 海警 | ||||||
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| People's Liberation Army |
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| Executive departments |
| Staff |
| Services |
| Arms |
| Domestic troops |
| Special operations force |
| Military districts |
| History of the Chinese military |
| Military ranks of China |
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State representative
Executive organ Military organ
Supervisory organ |
 China portal |
China Coast Guard (CCG) is the maritime security, search and rescue, and law enforcement service branch of the People's Armed Police of China.[2][3][4]
History[edit]
The China Coast Guard was formed in 2013 from the maritime branch of the People's Armed Police Border Security Force's Maritime Police and the other maritime law enforcement agencies in China (the Fisheries Law Enforcement Command, Customs, and Marine Surveillance).[5] The unified Coast Guard has been in operation since July 2013.[6] On July 1, 2018, the China Coast Guard was transferred from the civilian control of the State Council and the State Oceanic Administration, to the People's Armed Police, ultimately placing it under the direct command of the Central Military Commission.[5][7][8]
In June 2018, the China Coast Guard was granted maritime rights and law enforcement akin to civilian law enforcement agencies in order to carry out law enforcement against illegal activities, keep peace and order, as well as safeguarding security at sea, in all areas involved with the use of marine resources, protection of marine environment, regulation of fishery, and anti-smuggling.[9]
In 2019, the United States issued a warning to China over aggressive and unsafe action by their Coast Guard and maritime militia.[10]
The Coast Guard is an armed gendarmerie force (of corps grade), and its cutters are armed. The Coast Guard Law allows CCG ships to use lethal force on foreign ships that do not obey orders to leave Chinese waters.[11] It took effect on February 1, 2021.[11] In 2023, the Coast Guard used water cannons on Philippines military ships in contested waters.[12]
Function[edit]
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2021) |
The CCG is known to perform mostly coastal and oceanic search and rescue or patrols, including anti-smuggling operations. During wartime it may be placed under the operational control of the People's Liberation Army Navy.
Roles[edit]
Roles of the CCG are diverse but include:
- Patrol of territorial waters and disputed territories
- Anti-smuggling, anti-piracy
- Maritime policing and ship inspections
- Harbor and coastal security
- Research and survey
- Search and Rescue
- Fisheries protection
- Grey-zone operations (often alongside the PLAN and People's Armed Forces Maritime Militia)[13]
Command[edit]
After the reform in 2018, CCG consists of three commands (sub-bureaus), subdivided into detachments (local bureaus). The name in the parentheses is for general use.
- People's Armed Police Coast Guard Corps East China Sea Command (China Coast Guard East China Sea Subbureau) Sub-corps grade unit
- Jiangsu Detachment (江苏支队) (Jiangsu Coast Guard Bureau)
- Shanghai Detachment (上海支队) (Shanghai CGB)
- Zhejiang Detachment 浙江支队 (Zhejiang CGB)
- Fujian Detachment 福建支队 (Fujian CGB)
- 1st Detachment 第一支队 (1st Directly Subordinate Bureau)
- 2nd Detachment 第二支队 (2nd DB)
- 1st Air Wing 第一航空大队
- PAPCGC South China Sea Command (CCG South China Sea Subbureau)
- Guangdong Detachment 广东支队 (Guangdong CGB)
- Guangxi Detachment 广西支队 (Guangxi CGB)
- Hainan Detachment 海南支队 (Hainan CGB)
- 3rd Detachment 第三支队 (3rd DB)
- 4th Detachment 第四支队 (4th DB)
- 5th Detachment 第五支队 (5th DB)
- 2nd Air Wing 第二航空大队
- PAPCGC North China Sea Command (CCG North China Sea Subbureau)
- Liaoning Detachment 辽宁支队 (Liaoning CGB)
- Tianjin Detachment 天津支队 (Tianjin CGB)
- Hebei Detachment 河北支队 (Hebei CGB)
- Shandong Detachment 山东支队 (Shandong CGB)
- 6th Detachment 第六支队 (6th DB)
- 3rd Air Wing 第三航空大队
Training[edit]
The Chinese Coast Guard conducts periodic joint-training sessions with other navies, including the US Coast Guard service.[14] The Chinese Coast Guard has also participated in the annual North Pacific Coast Guard Agencies Forum in Alaska, along with US, Canadian, Japanese, South Korean, and Russian Coast Guards. As part of an exchange program, members of the Chinese Coast Guard service have been assigned to serve on U.S. Coast Guard cutters.[15][[
File:CHINA COAST GUARD badge.svg|thumb|150px|Badge of China Coast Guard before 2013, when part of the PAP Border Security Force under the Ministry of Public Security.]]
The worsening of US-China relationships in the last few years (as of 2024), in particular the ongoing conflict regarding the South China Sea (in which the CCG is directly involved) have all but ended the co-training missions with the USCG, although the purely civilian CMSA still keeps a very close working relationship with its counterparts in the US and Japan.
Equipment[edit]
Vessels[edit]
| This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2020) |
Chinese Coast Guard ships are painted white with a blue stripe and the words "China Coast Guard" in English and Chinese. CCG ships have hull numbers in the format "Haijing-XX", where XX is a number (up to five figures). Due to the amalgamation of so many forces to form the CCG, the number of ship types and their denomination is very varied and very confusing, with ships often still being referred to with their old "Haijian" (for Maritime Surveillance), "Haiguan" (for Customs) or "Yuzheng" (for FLEC) numbers, or referred with their numbers prior to the (ongoing) renumbering.[16]
Before the unification of the CCG, the typical Border Guard Maritime Police boats included the 130 ton Type 218 patrol boat (100 boats), armed with twin 14.5mm machine guns, assorted speedboats, and few larger patrol ships. The largest ship in Chinese Border Patrol Maritime Police service was the 1,500 ton Type 718 cutter (31101 Pudong).
In March 2007, it was reported that the PLAN had transferred two repurposed Type 053 Frigates (renamed Type 728 cutter after the remodeling) (44102, ex-509 Changde; 46103, ex-510 Shaoxing) to the Coast Guard and re-numbered them as Haijing 1002 & Haijing 1003. At the time these ships were the largest vessels in the China Coast Guard inventory. Three more Type 053s were transferred in 2015 (31239, 31240, 31241).[17]
In May 2017, it was reported that China had deployed the 12,000 ton Zhaotou-class patrol cutter China Coast Guard Haijing-5901 (cutter No. 1123 in USI numbers) to patrol its claimed islands in the disputed South China Sea.[18][19] The CCG 5901 cutter is the world's biggest coast guard cutter, and is larger than the U.S. Navy's 9,800 ton Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruisers and its 8,300-9,300 ton Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyers.[a][20] The CCG 3901 cutter is armed with 76mm H/PJ-26 rapid fire naval guns, two auxiliary guns, and two anti-aircraft guns. A second unit, 2901 was deployed in 2020.[21] [additional citation(s) needed]
Between mid 2021 and January 2023, the Coast Guard received 22 coastal defense Type 056 corvettes transferred from the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy.[22]
A 2019 estimate of the total number of hulls that can be deployed by the CCG counted 140 regional and oceangoing patrol vessels (more than 1000 tons displacement), 120 regional offshore patrol boats (500 to 999 tons), and 450 coastal and riverine patrol craft (100 to 499 tons), and 600 inshore patrol boats/minor craft.[23][24][16]
Personnel[edit]
CCG ships are staffed by People’s Armed Police personnel.[25] China Coast Guard Academy is a dedicated institution that provides training for personnel entering the CCG.[26]
Bases[edit]
The CCG has dozens of bases and facilities up and down the coast of China, some very small, again due to the Coast Guard's mixed origin. The following are some of the largest and most significant.
See also[edit]
- Coast Guard Administration (Taiwan)
- People's Armed Police
- People's Liberation Army Navy
- China Maritime Safety Administration takes on the navigation safety and control duties, including harbormaster powers in most ports. It was not merged with the new coast guard in 2013.
- China Marine Surveillance Defunct in July 2013. The present China Coast Guard is a unified force that conducts law-enforcement operations in waters administered by China.
- People’s Armed Forces Maritime Militia
References[edit]
- ^ Deployment arrangement from State Council of the People's Republic of China
- ^ "中华人民共和国海警法 The Coast Guard Law of the People's Republic of China". National People's Congress. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
- ^ Cave, Damien (13 June 2023) [12 June 2023]. "China Creates a Coast Guard Like No Other, Seeking Supremacy in Asian Seas". The New York Times.
- ^ Gain, Nathan (2 September 2020). "US DoD Releases Annual Report On Chinese Military Power". NAVALNEWS.
- ^ a b Miura, Kacie. "The Domestic Sources of China's Maritime Assertiveness Under Xi Jinping" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ Defense News
- ^ – Articles – China's coast guard to be under military police Archived 2018-03-22 at the Wayback Machine NHK World, March 22nd 2018
- ^ Tate, Andrew (June 26, 2018). "Control over China Coast Guard to be transferred to CMC". Jane's Information Group.
Legislation passed by the National People's Congress (NPC) on 22 June will implement changes announced in March that the CCG will come under the control of the People's Armed Police Force (PAPF) and, ultimately, the command of China's Central Military Commission (CMC).
- ^ Wei, Changhao (22 June 2018). "NPCSC Defers Vote on E-Commerce Law, Grants Law Enforcement Powers to Military-Controlled Coast Guard". NPC Observer. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
- ^ Sevastopulo, Demetri; Hille, Kathrin (28 April 2019). "US warns China on aggressive acts by fishing boats and coast guard". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ^ a b Tian, Yew Lun (22 January 2021). "China authorises coast guard to fire on foreign vessels if needed". Reuters.
- ^ "Philippines accuses China of water cannon attack in Spratly Islands". The Guardian. 2023-08-06. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
- ^ Chan, Eric (2 June 2021). "Escalating Clarity without Fighting: Countering Gray Zone Warfare against Taiwan (Part 2)". globaltaiwan.org. The Global Taiwan Institute. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
- ^ "Logon Form". Archived from the original on 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- ^ "RealClearPolitics - Articles - U.S. Coast Guard Has Chinese aboard". www.realclearpolitics.com.
- ^ a b c Erickson, Andrew S.; Hickey, Joshua; Holst, Henry (Spring 2019). "Surging Second Sea Force: China's Maritime Law-Enforcement Forces, Capabilities, and Future in the Gray Zone and Beyond". Naval War College Review. 72 (2): 8.
- ^ Gady, Franz-Stefan. "How China Is Expanding Its Coast Guard". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Ryan Pickrell (2017-05-11). "China Sent A 'Monster' Ship To Roam The South China Sea". The National Interest. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
- ^ "南海区2017年度西沙海域海岛保护联合执法行动圆满完成". South China Sea Branch, State Oceanic Administration. 2017-05-04. Archived from the original on 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
- ^ Charissa Echavez (2017-05-12). "China Deploys World's Biggest Coast Guard Cutter CCG 3901 to Patrol South China Sea". China Topix. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
- ^ "China Coast Guard's "Monster" Vessel Patrolled Vietnam's EEZ | Atlas News". 2024-02-21. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China (PDF). Department of Defense (Report). 2020. p. 53.
- ^ Reporter, I. M. R. (2023-03-15). "PLA Reserves, Paramilitary Forces and Capabilities, Recent Developments in 2021-22". IMR. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ Fish, Tim (2024-01-23). "Has the China Coast Guard Reached Its Limit?". Asian Military Review. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ "China Coast Guard". sinodefence.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "China Coast Guard Academy". China Defence Universities Tracker. International Cyber Policy Centre, Australian Strategic Policy Institute. 29 October 2019.
Notes[edit]
- ^ Although the Zhaotou are not equipped with the electronics or armament to make them even vaguely comparable warships. The Zhaotou are armed for constabulary work, would not survive frontline use in war. Their large displacement mostly provide endurance and internal space
External links[edit]
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